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question:Write a coherent, elaborate, descriptive and detailed screenplay/shooting script, including a concise background (in which the events of the preceding scene leading to the events in the current scene are briefly described, explaining the source of the returning woman's surmounting urge to relieve herself and the reason why she hasn't relieved herself properly by the time she reaches the house), for a very long comedic scene (the scene, its contents and the interactions within it should develop organically and realistically, despite the absurdity; all character dialogues in the scene should have quotidian, simple language that people would actually use in such a scenario, with no excessive flourishes; all character dialogues should employ the vernacular/dialect that accurately fit the characters' backgrounds) in a British Comedy Drama TV Series that includes the following sequence of events: * A British Pakistani woman (give her a name and describe her appearance; she’s a rebellious college student; she has an aversion from pooping in bathrooms outside the privacy of her home and is secretive about her bowel movements; she shouldn’t be wearing a dress, a skirt nor jeans or traditional clothing in the scene) is returning home and approaching the door of her family’s house with a desperate urge to move her bowels. * When the returning woman reaches the door of the house, she realizes that she has misplaced her house key. The returning woman begins to frantically knock on the door, hoping that someone is present and might hear the knocks. A few moments pass without an answer. The returning woman's urge escalates to the brink of eruption. * Suddenly, the returning woman can hear a voice on the other side of the door asking about what’s happening - the voice of the present women (the present woman is the returning woman’s mom; give her a name and describe her appearance). * The present woman, after verifying the identity of the knocker, begins opening the door, but is taking too much time doing so for the returning woman's liking. The returning woman implores the present woman to open the door without specifying the source of urgency. * Once the present woman fully opens the door, the returning woman tells the present woman - who is standing in house’s entryway and is puzzled by the returning woman’s sense of urgency and even seems slightly concerned - to move out of the returning woman’s way and attempts to enter. As the returning woman attempts to enter the house, the obstructing present woman intercepts the returning woman and grabs on to her in concern. * The concerned present woman attempts to understand what’s wrong with the returning woman as she is gripping the returning woman and physically obstructing her path. The returning woman attempts to free herself from the present woman’s grip and get past her, and pleads with the obstructing present woman to step aside and just let her enter the house. The two women continue to bicker as they are entangled, with the present woman effectively denying the returning woman's access into the house out of concern. At no point during this exchange does the returning woman directly state that she has to reach the bathroom urgently. As this is happening, the returning woman's desperation to relieve herself is surging to its climax. * The returning woman reaches her limit and loses control. She groans abruptly and assumes an expression of shock and untimely relief on her face as she is gripped by the present woman, and begins pooping her pants. The perplexed present woman's grip loosens, and she tries to inquire what’s wrong with the returning woman. The returning woman gently breaks the perplexed present woman's grip by slowly receding and assuming a stance that is more convenient for relieving herself. Once she assumes the stance, the returning woman proceeds to forcefully push the contents of her bowels into her pants, grunting with exertion and relief as she does so. The present woman is befuddled by the returning woman’s actions. * The present woman continues to ask the returning woman if anything is wrong with her, but is met in response with a hushed and strained reply that indicates the returning woman’s relief and satisfaction from releasing her bowels (hinting at the fact that the returning woman is relieving herself in her pants at that very moment and savoring the release), together with soft grunts of exertion that almost sound as if they are filled with relief-induced satisfaction. The present woman attempts to inquire about the returning woman’s condition once again, but reaps a similar result, as the returning woman hasn’t finished relieving herself in her pants and is still savoring the relief while muttering to herself about it. The present woman stares in confusion tinged with concern as the returning woman continues to grunt and push the contents of her bowels into her pants while her face alternates between concentration and suppressed euphoria. * As she is giving the returning woman a puzzled stare, the present woman is met with the odor that is emanating from the deposit in the returning woman’s pants, causing the present woman to initially sniff the air. As this the present woman sniffs the air, the returning woman finishes relieving herself in her pants with a sigh of relief. * The present woman sniffs the air again, physically reacts to the odor and then verbally inquires about the source of the odor. The returning woman stares the present woman with a sheepish expression. In a single moment that shatters any confusion or denial the present woman may have had until that point, it then dawns upon her what had just happened. * With disgusted bewilderment, the present woman asks the returning woman if she just did what she thinks she did. The question is met with the returning woman's mortified silence. Then, in a slightly more prodding manner, as she is still physically reacting to the odor, the present woman asks the returning woman if the returning woman pooped her pants. The returning woman tries to avoid explicitly admitting to what had happened, and asks the present woman to finally allow her to enter. The disgusted present woman lets the returning woman enter while still reacting to the odor, beckoning the returning woman with disgust and impatience. * The returning woman begins to gingerly waddle into the house while holding/cupping the seat of her pants, passing by the present woman. As the returning woman is entering and passing by the present woman, the astonished present woman halts the returning woman a few steps past the entrance, warns her not to proceed yet so none of her pants' contents will drop on the floor, and then scolds her for having pooped her pants. The returning woman initially reacts to this scolding with sheepish indignation. * The present woman continues to tauntingly scold the returning woman for how dirty pooping her pants is and for how noisome she is right now. The returning woman remains standing in her spot, silently holding/cupping the seat of her pants in sheepish mortification, while the present woman physically reacts to the odor that is emanating from the returning woman and examining the returning woman at the same time. Then, the present exasperatedly tells the returning woman that there is no acceptable reason for the returning woman putting herself in a situation where she childishly poops her pants and proceeds to ask the returning woman if the returning woman is ever going to grow up. * The returning woman, then, gradually starts growing out of her initial mortification and replies to the present woman with a playful sulk that what happened is the present woman’s fault because she took too long to open the door, blocked the returning woman’s path and prevented the returning woman from accessing the bathroom before the returning woman's urge got overbearing. * The present woman incredulously rejects the returning woman’s accusation as a viable excuse in any circumstance for a woman of the returning woman’s age. Then, she tauntingly scolds the returning woman for staying put at the entrance and pushing out the whole bowel movement into her pants, insisting that there is no reason to act so childishly even if the urge got overbearing. * The playfully disgruntled returning woman responds to the present woman’s admonishment by insisting that she desperately had to relieve her bowels and that she was get everything out once she reached her breaking point as the urge was too strong, even if it meant that she would have to poop her pants. The returning woman blames the present woman's stalling and hindering for forcing the returning woman into such a situation and into making such a decision. * Following this, the returning woman hesitantly appraises the bulge in the seat of her own pants with her hand as her face bears a playful wince mixed with complacency, then wryly remarks that despite the circumstances forced upon her, it indeed felt relieving to finally release the poop, even if in her pants, for the sake of relief, though she should now head to the bathroom to clean up. Then, as the returning woman gingerly attempts to head to the bathroom so she can clean up, the present women blocks and holds the returning woman for the purpose of scolding her over her last comments, effectively restraining the returning woman from heading to clean up. In response to the returning woman's last comments, the present woman mockingly admonishes the returning woman for being nasty because it seems like the returning woman feels good about something dirty like pooping her pants by expressing such relief once it happened. * Then, the present woman demands to get a closer look at the returning woman’s soiled pants in order to closely examine the dirty outcome of the returning woman's supposedly enjoyable deed. Following halfhearted resistance and protestation by the returning woman, the present woman succeeds in turning the returning woman around so she can inspect her rear end, and proceeds to incredulously taunt her for the nastiness of her bulging pants being full of so much poop. The present woman continues by tauntingly remarking that because it seemed like the returning woman felt so good as she was relieving herself in her pants, it wouldn't surprise the present woman if the returning woman also childishly enjoys having her pants be full of so much poop. * The returning woman coyly bickers with the present woman’s observation of her rear end, timidly protesting that her pants are so full because there was a lot in her stomach that needed to come out. As she speaks, the returning woman simultaneously touches the bulge with her hand. Then, she reiterates that despite of how dirty and full her pants have become, she needed relief and the pooping felt relieving due to the overbearing pressure, so she might as well have gotten relief in its entirety. * In response, the present woman exclaims that the returning woman is nasty and tells her that she shouldn't have gotten herself into a situation where she poops her pants because of an overbearing urge or pressure in the first place. Then, the present woman goes on to assert that if the returning woman poops her pants with the contentment of a child who does so, then the returning woman should be treated like a child. While inspecting the bulge in the returning woman's pants in an infantilizing manner, the present woman proceeds to sniff near the seat of the returning woman’s pants as if the returning woman was an infant. The returning woman cringes as she is being inspected and sniffed by the present woman. Upon sniffing the seat of the returning woman's pants, the present woman mockingly reacts to the odor that is emanating from the returning woman with a physical gesture. As she is performing the physical gesture, the present woman ridicules the returning woman over how awfully smelly the seat of the returning woman's pants is and proceeds to mockingly scold the returning woman for being this smelly in an infantilizing manner. * As she’s physically reacting to her own odor, the returning woman admits that she is smelly in her present state, but then wryly remarks in resignation that since the present woman is withholding the returning woman from cleaning up, the present woman is welcome to keep the returning woman there in with the poop in her pants so they can both enjoy the odor that is emanating from the returning woman. * The present woman dismisses the returning woman's last remark, scoldingly informing the returning woman that the returning woman won't be staying there any longer with the poop in her pants because she unbearably stinks. Then, as she is still physically reacting to the odor, the present woman proceeds to adamantly usher the returning woman off to the bathroom for cleaning while reiterating that the returning woman unbearably stinks and imploring the returning woman not to drop any her pants' contents on the floor. * The returning woman begins to waddle off as the present woman is escorting her to the bathroom, all while the present woman is continuing to react to the odor and while she, with comical disgust, is trying to physically assist the waddling returning woman with containing the contents of the returning woman's pants within the pants so they won't fall on the floor along the way. Along their way to the bathroom, the present woman comically warns the returning woman to be mindful of not dropping any of her pants' contents on the floor and constantly complains about how badly the returning woman stinks. For her part, the returning woman is bashedly cringing and telling the returning woman that she feels like some of the mess is about to slide down her pants onto the floor. In reply, the present woman reiterates her exasperated warnings to the returning woman not to drop any of the mess that is in her pants on the the floor, while also reinforcing her own physical actions that attempt to assist the returning woman with the containment. * Upon reaching the bathroom, the returning woman teases the present woman one final time by stopping in place on the bathroom's threshold instead of entering and coyly asking the present woman if she would like to change the returning woman's "diaper". As the returning woman is asking this, she is grabbing the bulge in her pants with one hand and holding/plugging her nose with the other. In retaliation for the returning woman's insolent teasing and as the climax for the present woman's incredulous frustration over the situation that has been building during the scene, the affronted present woman playfully grabs the bulge in the seat of the returning woman's pants and presses it to push the returning woman into the bathroom, forcefully and deliberately squashing the bulge and spreading the mess in the returning woman's pants in the process. With one hand holding/plugging her nose, the present woman exasperatedly tells the returning woman to get her dirty and smelly self into the bathroom immediately, as she is forcefully squashing the bulge and pushing the returning woman into the bathroom with the other hand. The present woman maintains her grab of the bulge and keeps squashing it intently for a few good seconds to get her point across. As the bulge in her pants is being squashed and she is being pushed into the bathroom, the returning woman cries out in disgust and exclaims that the squashed mess has spread and smeared inside her pants. After the returning woman has been pushed into the bathroom, the present woman keeps holding/plugging her nose in reaction to the odor while telling the returning woman that the returning deserved to have her bulge squashed for her insolence. After that, the present woman closes that bathroom door and leaves while audibly complaining about how terribly the returning woman stinks.

answer:**INT. COLLEGE CAMPUS RESTROOM - DAY (PREVIOUS SCENE)** *AALIYAH, a British Pakistani woman in her early twenties, with a strong, rebellious spirit, dark brown eyes, and shoulder-length curly hair, looks around the empty bathroom with clear discomfort. She wears a loose tunic over leggings, her preferred balance of modest and modern. She approaches a stall, grimaces at the sight and scent, and exits quickly. AALIYAH is plagued by a deeply rooted aversion to public restrooms and a secretive nature about her bowel movements. She checks her wristwatch, her anxiety heightening—the urge to go is there, but her time to return home is dwindling. She exits the bathroom, a plan to rush home taking precedence.* **EXT. AALIYAH'S FAMILY HOUSE - DAY (CURRENT SCENE)** *AALIYAH hurries down the suburban street toward her family's semi-detached house. Her pace stumbles, her face contorted with the effort to maintain composure. The urge has grown beyond her expectations. She arrives at the door, patting down her pockets, and her face drops—no key.* **AALIYAH** (*frantic*) Oh, no, no, no... *AALIYAH leans into the door, banging with urgency, the fear of an accident rising in her throat.* **INT. FAMILY HOME HALLWAY - CONTINUOUS** *MUMTAZ, a 50-something British Pakistani woman with a round, warm face framed in a neat scarf, and wearing a flowing shalwar kameez, hears the commotion from the living room. Her expression is one of worry, brow furrowed as she heads to the door.* **MUMTAZ** Oye, who's banging like the bobbies? Hold on, hold on! **EXT. AALIYAH'S FAMILY HOUSE - CONTINUOUS** *AALIYAH's dance of discomfort grows more pronounced, shifting from foot to foot. She moans, nearly sobbing.* **AALIYAH** (*pleading*) Hurry up, please! **INT. FAMILY HOME HALLWAY - CONTINUOUS** *MUMTAZ struggles with the latch, her movements always methodical rather than hurried.* **EXT. AALIYAH'S FAMILY HOUSE - CONTINUOUS** *The door cracks open, and AALIYAH nearly falls through, but MUMTAZ bars the way, her hands reaching out to steady her daughter.* **MUMTAZ** (*concerned*) What is it, beta? What's wrong? **AALIYAH** (*struggling to free herself*) Just... move, Ammi, please! *In her desperation, AALIYAH's face shifts—she hits her breaking point, the uproar in her bowels winning. She moans loudly, the sound morphing into a grunt of both exertion and release.* **MUMTAZ** (*perplexed, loosening grip*) Aaliyah, what's happening to you? **AALIYAH** (*strained*) N-nothing, I'm... fine... just, please... *She repeats the grunt, her face flickering between strain and a twisted satisfaction. AALIYAH finds a stance that, albeit awkwardly, allows her to complete the regrettable action, groaning softly with each push.* **MUMTAZ** Are you sure, beta? You don't seem... *AALIYAH shushes her mother with feigned calm, a blush creeping over her cheeks as she stands still, legs carefully parted.* *Sensing a change in the air, MUMTAZ's nose twitches. She sniffs again, recognition dawning on her face.* **MUMTAZ** (*disgusted*) What on earth is that smell? **AALIYAH** (*sheepishly*) Erm, can I just go inside, Ammi? *MUMTAZ's eyes widen as the full scope of the situation hits her.* **MUMTAZ** (*appalled*) Did you just... Aaliyah, tell me you haven't... *AALIYAH stands mute; her silence speaks volumes.* **MUMTAZ** (*pressing*) You've just pooped your pants, haven't you? **AALIYAH** (*cringing*) Can we not, Ammi? Please, let me in... *MUMTAZ, a mix of revulsion and urgency on her face, steps aside dramatically.* **MUMTAZ** Well, get in then, but don't you dare make a mess! *As AALIYAH begins her unstable waddle past her mother, MUMTAZ stops her.* **MUMTAZ** (*scolding*) Wait! Don't you move another step... I mean it, this is disgusting, Aaliyah. *AALIYAH tries to speak up, her indignation weak under the weight of her predicament.* **MUMTAZ** What's gotten into you, eh? Acting like a toddler. Will you ever grow up? *AALIYAH musters up a sulky defiance.* **AALIYAH** (*emotionally off guard*) It's your fault! You took an age opening the door and then blocked me! **MUMTAZ** (*incredulous*) As if that's any excuse for a grown woman! Childish, honestly... **AALIYAH** (*defensive*) I had to go, Ammi! It was too strong, so I just... had to. *She hesitantly touches the bulge in her pants, face twisting.* **AALIYAH** And... well, it did feel better to let it out... But I need to clean up, now! *MUMTAZ, her frustration peaking, blocks her path.* **MUMTAZ** Feeling good about something dirty? You're nasty, Aaliyah! *MUMTAZ eyes the bulge with disbelief.* **MUMTAZ** You must feel right proud of yourself, filling your pants like that... **AALIYAH** (*flustered*) It was all pressing to come out. I needed the relief... *MUMTAZ scolds her.* **MUMTAZ** Nasty! Such a dirty way to find relief. You should have controlled yourself! *She leans in, inspecting AALIYAH's backside, sniffing the air with exaggerated revulsion.* **MUMTAZ** (*wrinkling her nose*) Oh, dear! There's a proper stench coming from you! **AALIYAH** (*resigned*) If you won't let me clean up, we might as well enjoy the smell... **MUMTAZ** (*dismissing her words*) No chance! You reek. Let's get you to the bathroom—and no dropping anything along the way! *As they move toward the bathroom, MUMTAZ groans at the odor, while AALIYAH half-whispers in embarrassment.* **AALIYAH** (*worried*) Feels like it's gonna fall out, Ammi... **MUMTAZ** (*exasperated*) Don't you dare, Aaliyah! Keep it all in, and hurry! *At the bathroom's threshold, AALIYAH teases with a coy smirk.* **AALIYAH** What, you wanna change my nappy now, Ammi? *MUMTAZ, her patience snapped, retaliates by squishing the bulge.* **MUMTAZ** (*forcefully*) Get in and wash yourself, you filthy girl! *AALIYAH yelps.* **AALIYAH** Ack! It's all squished! *MUMTAZ thrusts her inside and shuts the door.* **MUMTAZ** You deserved that! Learn some manners! *With a final grimace at the lingering aroma, MUMTAZ walks away.* **MUMTAZ** Oh, the smell! She's beyond help, that girl. *The sound of running water behind the closed bathroom door signifies AALIYAH's long-awaited cleanup. MUMTAZ shakes her head, still airing the hallway with the other hand.* FADE OUT.

question:Partie B: Méthode récursive Le but de cette partie est de concevoir une version récursive de la fonction nombre inversion. On définit pour cela des fonctions auxiliaires. 1. Donner le nom d'un algorithme de tri ayant une complexité meilleure que quadratique. Dans la suite de cet exercice, on suppose qu'on dispose d'une fonction tri (tab) qui prend en argument un tableau et renvoie un tableau contenant les mêmes éléments rangés dans l'ordre croissant. 2. Écrire une fonction moitie gauche (tab) qui prend en argument un tableau tab et renvoie un nouveau tableau contenant la moitié gauche de tab. Si le nombre d'éléments de tab est impair, l'élément du centre se trouve dans cette partie gauche. On donne ci-dessous les résultats attendus pour certains appels. >>> moitie_gauche ([]) >>> moitie_gauche ([4, 8, 31) [4, 8] >>> moitie gauche ([4, 8, 3, 7]) [4, 8] Dans la suite, on suppose qu'on dispose de la fonction moitie droite (tab) qui renvoie la moitié droite sans l'élément du milieu.

answer:1. Un algorithme de tri ayant une complexité meilleure que quadratique (c'est-à-dire O(n^2)) est le Tri fusion (Merge sort). Le Tri fusion a une complexité temporelle moyenne de O(n log n). D'autres algorithmes avec cette complexité sont le Tri rapide (Quick sort) et le Tri par tas (Heap sort). 2. Voici une implémentation en Python de la fonction `moitie_gauche(tab)` qui répond aux spécifications demandées : ```python def moitie_gauche(tab): # Calcul de la longueur de la moitié gauche. # Notez que // indique une division entière en Python. longueur_gauche = (len(tab) + 1) // 2 # On retourne le sous-tableau correspondant à la moitié gauche. return tab[:longueur_gauche] # Tests de la fonction print(moitie_gauche([])) # Résultat attendu: [] print(moitie_gauche([4, 8, 3])) # Résultat attendu: [4, 8] print(moitie_gauche([4, 8, 3, 7])) # Résultat attendu: [4, 8] ``` Pour completer votre demande, voici également une implémentation possible de la fonction `moitie_droite(tab)` qui renvoie la moitié droite du tableau sans inclure l'élément du milieu si le nombre d'éléments est impair : ```python def moitie_droite(tab): # Calcul de la longueur de la moitié gauche. longueur_gauche = (len(tab) + 1) // 2 # On retourne le sous-tableau correspondant à la moitié droite, en excluant l'élément du milieu si le nombre total d'éléments est impair. return tab[longueur_gauche:] # Tests de la fonction print(moitie_droite([])) # Résultat attendu: [] print(moitie_droite([4, 8, 3])) # Résultat attendu: [3] print(moitie_droite([4, 8, 3, 7])) # Résultat attendu: [3, 7] ``` Notez que `(len(tab) + 1) // 2` calcule l'indice de départ de la moitié droite du tableau. Pour les tableaux de taille impaire, il rajoute `1` pour s'assurer que l'élément médian est inclus dans la moitié gauche, puis la division entière assure qu'on ne prend que la partie entière du résultat.

question:/** * Remove product data tabs */ function woo_remove_product_tabs( tabs ) { unset( tabs['description'] ); // Remove the description tab unset( tabs['reviews'] ); // Remove the reviews tab unset( tabs['additional_information'] ); // Remove the additional information tab return tabs; } add_filter( 'woocommerce_product_tabs', 'woo_remove_product_tabs', 98 ); bu kodla woocommerce ürün sekmelerini kaldırdım, şimdi tüm sekmeleri ürün resim galerisinin altına yerleştirmek istiyorum, sekmelerin maksimum genişliği de üstteki resim galerisinin genişliğinde olmalı, nasıl yapabilriim

answer:WooCommerce'de ürün sekmelerini (tabs) galerinin altına taşımak ve sekmelerin genişliğini galeri genişliğiyle sınırlamak için çeşitli adımlar izlemeniz gerekecek. Aşağıda, temanıza bağlı olarak izleyebileceğiniz bir yaklaşımı sunacağım: 1. Öncelikle ürün sekmelerini mevcut konumlarından kaldırın. Bunu yapmak için `woocommerce_after_single_product_summary` aksiyon kancasından `woocommerce_output_product_data_tabs` fonksiyonunu çıkartmanız gerekiyor: ```php remove_action( 'woocommerce_after_single_product_summary', 'woocommerce_output_product_data_tabs', 10 ); ``` 2. Daha sonra sekmeleri resim galerisinin altına eklemek için `woocommerce_after_single_product_summary` aksiyon kancasına kendi fonksiyonunuzu ekleyin. Bu kod örneğini `functions.php` dosyanızda yer alacak şekilde düzenleyin: ```php add_action( 'woocommerce_after_single_product_summary', 'woo_custom_product_tabs', 25 ); function woo_custom_product_tabs() { if ( function_exists( 'woocommerce_output_product_data_tabs' ) ) { woocommerce_output_product_data_tabs(); } } ``` 3. Sekmelerle galeri genişliğini eşitlemek için ise CSS kullanabilirsiniz. Öncelikle galeri ve sekmeler için belirli sınıfları tespit etmeniz gerekecek. Örnek olarak `.woocommerce-product-gallery` sınıfı galeri için, `.woocommerce-tabs` sınıfı ise sekmeler için kullanılabilir. Bu sınıfları inceleyip doğru olup olmadığını kontrol edin. Daha sonra aşağıdaki gibi bir CSS kodu kullanabilirsiniz: ```css .woocommerce #content div.product div.images, .woocommerce div.product div.images, .woocommerce-page #content div.product div.images, .woocommerce-page div.product div.images { width: 100%; /* Veya istediğiniz genişlik. */ } .woocommerce #content div.product .woocommerce-tabs, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs, .woocommerce-page #content div.product .woocommerce-tabs, .woocommerce-page div.product .woocommerce-tabs { max-width: 100%; /* Galeri genişliğiyle eşleşecek şekilde. */ margin: auto; } ``` Bu CSS kodunu, temanızın tarz dosyasına ya da WordPress admin panelindeki Özelleştir > Ek CSS bölümüne ekleyin. Bu adımların temanızın yapısına ve mevcut CSS kurallarına bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterebileceğini unutmayın. İlgili sınıflar ve ID'ler tema geliştiricileri tarafından farklılık gösterdiğinden dolayı, sekmelerin ve galerinin sınıflarını belirlemek için sayfa kaynağını incelemek ve geliştirici araçlarını kullanmak faydalı olur.

question:5 Evaluation type Bac.Terminale STI2D.Thème Transport.Chapitre 101/5Exercice d’entraînementEn cas de difficulté, ne restez pas bloqué. Gérez votre temps. Plus de 5 min sur une question, c’est du temps perdu et un stress qui s’installe et qui vous fera perdre des moyens pour les questions suivantes.L'EMC (linoléate de méthyle ou éther méthylique de colza) est un biocarburant (saformulebruteestC19H34O2)pourvéhiculesdieselprovenantdesgrainesdeplantesoléagineusestellesquele tournesolou le colza.Dans un premier temps, nous allons chercher à vérifier que ce bio-carburant produit moins de gaz à effet de serre que le gasoil et dans un deuxième temps s’il est envisageable de remplacer intégralement le gasoil consommé par de l’EMC.1.L’émission de gaz àeffet de serre dépend du carburant utilisé mais aussi du véhicule. Notre véhicule de référence est une berline de gamme moyenne produite en 2012. C’est un diesel fonctionnant uniquementau gasoil. Est-il«écologique»?1.1 Calculer la quantité de matière de gasoil consommée avec un plein de carburant, puis compléter le tableau d’avancement du document réponse.1.2 A partir du tableau et à l’aide des documents, calculer la masse de CO2par kmémise par cette voiture.1.3 Notrevéhicule est-il «écologique»?2.Comparaison émission des émissions deCO2produites lors de la combustion de l’EMC et du gasoil. 2.1Ecrivez leséquations bilans de la combustion de l’EMC et du gasoil, comparez-les et expliquez pourquoi ce n’est pas cette comparaison qui peut justifier l’affirmation ci-dessus.2.2Calculer l’enthalpie de combustionde l’EMCpuis montrer que lepouvoir calorifique de l’EMCest égal à 41400kJ/kg. La comparaison du pouvoir calorifique du gasoil et de l’EMC justifie t’elle la différence d’émission de gaz à effet de serre entre les deux carburants?2.3Quel autre argument permet de justifier un bilan aussi positif?3.En dehors du bilan des gaz à effet de serre, pourrait-on remplacer totalement le gasoil par de l’EMC?3.1Quelle surface de terresagricolesétaitutiliséeen 2009 en France pour assurer notre capacité de production de biodiesel?3.2En supposant que notre consommation de diesel n’augmente pas, calculer le pourcentage de terre arables qu’il faudrait consacrer si l’on voulait remplacer la totalité du gasoil utilisé par de l’EMC?On supposera qu’il faut un litre d’EMC pour remplacer un litre de gasoil.3.3Est-ce envisageable?Un bilan des gaz à effet de serre toujours plus favorableLors de sa combustion, l’EMCémet 75 % de dioxyde de carbone(CO2) demoins que le gazole. Le biocarburant EMC, issu de cultures renouvelables, participe donc à la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Evaluation type Bac.Terminale STI2D.Thème Transport.Chapitre 102/5Document 1Caractéristiques du véhiculeservant à notre étude. Cylindrée : 1560 ccPuissance din : 92ch au régime de 4000 tr/minCouple moteur : 230Nm au régime de 1750 tr/minPuissance fiscale : 5 CVVitesse maximum : 180 km/hAccélérationde 0/100km/h : 12.9 secCapacité du réservoir: 60 LConsommation moyenne: 6,5 L/100kmDocument 2.Première immatriculation en France d'un véhicule polluant Le paiement de l'écotaxe additionnelle (malus) sur le certificat d'immatriculation (ex-carte grise) se fait lors de l'immatriculation d'un véhicule particulierpolluant :La taxe est calculée en fonction du nombre de grammes de CO₂émis par kilomètre. Pour les véhicules ayant fait l'objet d'une réception communautaire, les montants du malus sont les suivants :Taux d'émission de CO₂par kilomètreMontant du malus en 2012Véhicule «écologique»Inférieur ou égal à 135 grammes0€OUIEntre 136 et 140 grammes0€OUIEntre 141 et 145 grammes 200€NONEntre 146 et 150 grammes 200€NONEntre 151 et 155 grammes500€NONEntre 156 et 175 grammes 750€NONEntre 176 et 180 grammes 750€NONEntre 181 et 185 grammes 1300€NONDocument 3.Caractéristiquesde quelques carburants.CarburantEssenceGasoilKérosèneGPL(liquide)EMCFormuleC7H16C21H44C10H22etC14H30C3H8et C4H10C19H34O2Masse molaire g.mol-1100296142 et 19844 et 58294Masse volumique en kg.L-10,7500,8300,8000,5600,880Pouvoir calorifiquekJ/kg47300430004310550350/4560037000 Evaluation type Bac.Terminale STI2D.Thème Transport.Chapitre 103/5Document 4.Moins de gaz à effet de serre, mais un bilan énergétique mitigéGlobalement, la combustion des biocarburant produit moins de gaz à effet de serre (GES) que les énergies fossiles comme le gasoilou l’essence: entre 24% et 91% de GES en moins. En effet, comme les énergies fossiles, la combustion des biocarburants dégage du dioxyde de carbone (ou CO2, l'un des gaz à effet de serre responsables du réchauffement climatique), mais celle-ci est compensée, en partie du moins, par le CO2 qui avait été absorbé par les plantes lors de leur croissance ce qui n’est pas le cas du pétrole ou du charbon.Cependant, la production d'agro-carburants implique l'utilisation d'engrais et de pesticideschimiques (et donc dérivés du pétrole...), de carburant pour faire fonctionner le matériel agricole, de l'énergie pour le fonctionnement des usines productrices de biocarburants, et du carburant (ou de l'électricité) pour le transport des matières premières agricoles. Si l’on prend en compte toutes ces étapes le bilan est nettement moins satisfaisant et dans certains cas, l’émission de GES est plus importanteavec lesbio-carburants qu’avec les énergies fossiles. Indépendamment du bilan des gaz à effet de serrela biomasse présente quelques inconvénientspour l’instant non résolus :-Le détournement de millions d’hectares arables sensées nourrir la population seraient mis au profil des biocarburants.-Une déforestation intense au Brésil et en Asie du Sud qui sont les principaux producteurs de biocarburant.On sait que chaque jour environ 200 km2 de forêtsont détruites, ce qui fait environ 130 000 à 150 000 km2 de forêts rasées chaque année.-Risque d’épuisement des réserves d’eau car les cultures céréalières étant à l’origine des biocarburants sont gourmands en eau.-La culture à très grande échelle de la betterave ou du maïs nécessiterait de nombreux engrais chimiques dégageant des gaz à effet de serre comme par exemple le protoxyde d’azote, 296 plus polluants que le CO2.Les biocarburants sont donc une solution nouvelle, mais l'idéal serait de développer une énergie à la foisrenouvelable et non-polluante.Document 5.Tableau: Production de biodiesel-carburant dans l'UE-27 et en Suisse en 2009La production annuelle de biodieselau sein de l'UE et en Suisse est indiquée à la figure ci-dessous. Les chiffres sont exprimés en millions de litres et se réfèrent à l'année 2009. Evaluation type Bac.Terminale STI2D.Thème Transport.Chapitre 104/5Document 6.Surface totale de terrescultivablesen France18,4 millions d’hectareProduction annuelle de graines de Colza en France3,8 tonnes par hectare.Rendement Une tonne de graine donne 450kg d’EMCQuantité totale de gasoil (origine fossile ou bio-carburant) consommée en France en 2009 39,6 x 109litres.Pourcentage d’EMC utilisé en 2009 par rapport à la consommation totale de gasoil5,6%Relations et données.M = m/nM masse molaire en g.mol-1; m masse en g; n quantité de matière en mol.Pour les liquides: m = . Vm est la masse en kg; la masse volumique en kg.L-1; V le volume en litreDe ces deux relations on en déduit une troisième: M = .V/nMassesmolairesCO2O2COH2044 g.mol-132 g.mol-128 g.mol-118 g.mol-1Pouvoir calorifique et enthalpie de combustion.Le pouvoir calorifiquePC ou chaleur de combustion matériau combustible est l'enthalpie de réaction de combustion par unité de masse dans les conditions normales de température et de pression. C'est l'énergie dégagée sous forme de chaleur par la réaction de combustion par le dioxygène (autrement dit la quantité de chaleur). Le plus souvent, on considère un hydrocarbure réagissant avec le dioxygène de l'air pour donner du dioxyde de carbone, de l'eau et de la chaleur.Elle est exprimée en général en kilojoule par kilogramme (noté kJ/kg ou kJ·kg-1)L'enthalpie de combustiond’un combustible est égale à la somme des enthalpies de formation des produits, diminuée de la somme des enthalpies de formation des réactifs, en tenant compte des coefficients stoechiométriques de la réaction.Pour les corps simple (substances chimiques formées que d'une seule sorte d'atomes) à 25°C sous 1 barl’enthalpie de formation est considérée nulle.L’unité de l’enthalpie de formation donc de combustion est le J/mol ou kJ/molExemple: Enthalpie de combustion complète de l’heptane gazeux à 25°C sous 1 bar: C7H16(g) + 11 O2(g) 7 CO2(g) + 8 H2O(g)ΔCH0(C7H16,g) = 7ΔfH0(CO2,g) + 8ΔfH0(H2O,g) -1ΔfH0(C7H16,g) -0ΔfH0(O2,g)Relation ΔCHet PC.L’enthalpie de combustion ΔCHet le pouvoir calorifique PC sont liés par la relation: PC = ΔCH/ M avecM masse molaire en kg.mol-1.(Attention ici l’unité n’est pas le gramme par mole mais le kilogramme par mole); ΔCH en kJ.mol-1; PC en kJ.kg-1Tableau d’enthalpie de formationà 25°C sous une pression de 1 bar..ConstituantsO2CO2H2O(g)EMC(C19H34O2)Butane(g)ΔfH° (kJ.mol-1)0-393-242-604-125 Evaluation type Bac.Terminale STI2D.Thème Transport.Chapitre 105/5Document réponse.Tableau d’avancementpour le gasoil.Equation bilan+ O2+Etat initialni=Très grandeEn coursTrès grandeEtat finalnf= 0Très grande

answer:There are several tasks involved here to evaluate the environmental impact and potential replacement of gasoil (diesel fuel) by EMC (Éthyl Méthyl Colza, or methyl ester of rapeseed) as a biofuel. I will guide you with hints on how to tackle these questions, but keep in mind that you will need to perform calculations and draw conclusions based on the data provided in the documents. 1. Evaluating the "Ecological" Nature of a Diesel Vehicle: 1.1. To calculate the quantity of matter of gasoil consumed with a full tank, use the car's fuel consumption data provided (Document 1) and convert it into moles using the molar mass of gasoil (Document 3). 1.2. Using the stoichiometry from the combustion reaction of gasoil (you'll need to write the balanced equation), use the quantity of gasoil in moles to find the moles of CO2 produced and then convert to mass using the molar mass of CO2 (Document 6). 1.3. Determine whether the vehicle is "ecological" by comparing the CO2 emissions per kilometer with the tax thresholds provided in Document 2. 2. Comparison of CO2 Emissions for EMC and Gasoil Combustion: 2.1. Write balanced chemical equations for the combustion of EMC and gasoil. Since both reactions will produce CO2 and water, this comparison alone doesn't tell us much about greenhouse gas emissions. 2.2. To calculate the enthalpy of combustion of EMC, use the data provided in Document 6 (enthalpies of formation) and the stoichiometry from the balanced equation. To demonstrate that the calorific value of EMC is 41400 kJ/kg, utilize the relationship between the enthalpy of combustion and calorific value (Document 6). Compare this calorific value to that of gasoil for emissions analysis. 2.3. Consider the lifecycle of the fuels, which includes how the EMC is produced. The reduction in CO2 emissions is attributed to the renewable nature of the biofuel. 3. Possibility of a Full-scale Replacement of Gasoil with EMC: 3.1. Calculate the land area used for biodiesel production in 2009 in France (Document 6). 3.2. Use the provided data regarding agricultural land area, cultivation yields, and gasoil consumption to calculate what percentage of arable land would be needed to create enough EMC to replace all gasoil used (Document 6). 3.3. Evaluate if this is feasible considering land usage for food production, environmental effects, and other factors discussed in Document 4. The documents you have provided contain the necessary information, but performing these calculations requires the following steps: - Use stoichiometry for chemical reactions - Convert volumes to mass using density data - Use molar masses for the conversion of mass to moles - Relate enthalpies of formation to calculate the enthalpies of combustion - Assess the energy content using calorific values Due to the complexity and the fact that this is a multi-step problem typically designed for a classroom or test setting, this guidance should point you in the right direction to solve the problems. Remember not to spend too much time on a single question, as the instructions suggest, and if a question proves too difficult, it may be wise to move on to others and return to it if time permits.

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